1.GRATITUDE,COMPLIMENT &
CONGRATULATION
2. SURPRISES & DISBELIEFS
3. INVITATION (WRITTEN)
4. ASKING FOR INFORMATION
5. NARRATIVE TEXT
6. MODALS IN THE PAST FORM
7. DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH
8. DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
9. INTRODUCTORY IT
10. NEWS ITEM
11. FINITE VERBS
12. NOUN PHRASES
13. SIMPLE FUTURE
14. OFFERING
15. ASKING IF SOMEONE REMEMBERS OR NOT
16. PASSIVE VOICE
17. VOCABULARY AROUND THE HOUSE
18. PREPOSITION IN, ON, AND AT
• Gratitude
Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people, when speaking English, you say “thanks” very often please say “thank you” when people give you something and give you compliment, etc.
Thanking
- Thank you very much
- Thank you for you help
- I’m really very grateful to you
- You’re welcome
- Don’t mention it
- I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)
• Compliment
Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliment to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example :
- On his/her general appearance
- If you notice something new about the person’s appearance
- When you visit someone’s house for the first time
- When other people do their best
Complimenting
- What a nice dress!
- You look great
- I really must express my admiration for you dance
- Excellent!
- Nice work
- Good Job
• Congratulation
Congratulation is an expression that we use the give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something
- Congratulation
- Congratulations
- Congratulations on your succeeds
- Happy Birthday
- Merry Christmas
- Happy New Your
- Happy Valentine
- Happy Anniversary
o Responding Someone’s Expression
What is the response if someone congratulates you?
- What do you if someone gives you a compliment : “congratulation!” you say” thank you, that’s very land of you”
- Congratulation is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something
o Responding The Expressions
What is your response?
- How was your meeting?
- How was your party?
A. Giving The Congratulation
- Let me congratulate you
- Good
- That’s great!
- How fortunate
- Pretty Good
B. Replying To The Congratulations
- Thank You
- Thank, I needed that
- That’s very kind of you
C. Surprising
- Oh, it was very interesting! I want to the sea world
- It was fun! Went out with my classmate
Read carefully the dialogue below then practice with your friends
Rosa : How was your school party, Zenny?
Alia : It was fun! We sony song and danced
To express surprise! That’s a surprise
- What a surprise! That’s a surprise
- (Well), that’s very surprising!
- Really?
- What
- Are you serious? You must be joking!
- You’re kidding!
- Fancy that!
- I must say … surprises me
- I find that hard to believe
Example of expressing surprise
A : I can’t believe it!
B : That’s true
When you got a surprising fact, you can say:
- Do you know what
- Believe it or not
- You may not believe it, but
- Can you believe this?
You can respond to the surprising fact using these expression :
- Really?
- Are you joking?
- Oh?
- Where? Show me
Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.
There are two types of invitation :
a.Formal Invitation
b.Informal Invitation
(If you want to know more about types and some expressions of invitation, go to Invitation)
How to Write An Invitation :
1.Before you write an invitation, decide on the tone, voice and level of formality, based on the event itself. This will dictate whether you hand-write the cards or have them printed, and whether you choose A preprinted or personalized invitation.
2.Choose the type of invite you want, and order or buy a few more than you think you'll need. This will permit you to add some guests to your list at the last minute, if necessary. For small parties, you may want to hand-write the invitations on stationery or blank cards. For large gatherings, consider ordering printed invitations.
3.Determine the wording of your invite based on the level of formality. For example, a formal invitation might say, 'Dr. and Mrs. Stanley request the pleasure of your company,' whereas a more casual note might say, 'Please join us.'
4.Include the names of the host and/or hostess, as well as the place (with street address), time, date and purpose of the occasion, even if it's a simple get-together.
5.Make sure to add RSVP information at the bottom of the invite if you need to know who will be attending; for example, 'RSVP' followed by your telephone number.
6.Include a respond-by date on a formal invitation so you can get an accurate head count in time to adjust the amount of food, number of place settings and room size. For a wedding, charity function or other formal event, consider including a response card and a stamped, self-addressed envelope inside the envelope containing your invite.
7.Mail invitations three weeks before most events, four weeks before a formal affair and three months before a wedding, to allow for airline reservations. For events held during the December holidays, send invitations around Thanksgiving.
What does R.S.V.P. mean?
R.S.V.P. stands for a French phrase, "répondez, s'il vous plaît," which means "please reply.“ The person sending the invitation would like you to tell him or her whether you accept or decline the invitation. That is, will you be coming to the event or not?
Narrative text
Narrative text is a kind of text to retell the story that past tense. The purpose of the text is to entertain or to amuse the readers or listeners about the story.
The generic structure of Narrative text : Orientation :
It set the scene and introduce the participants (it answers the question : who, when, what, and where).
2. Complication :
Tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve them.
3. Resolution :
The crisis is revolved, for better or worse.
4. Re-orientation :
The ending of the story.
5. Evaluation :
The stepping back to evaluate the story or the moral message of the story
Linguistic features :
1. Use active verbs.
2. Use past tense.
3. Use conjunction.
4. The first person (I or We) or the third person (He, She, or They).
5. Use specific nouns.
6. Use adjective and adverbs
Kind of Narrative text :
1. Legend : Sangkuriang, Malin Kundang, etc.
2. Fable : Mousedeer and crocodile.
3. Fairy tale : Cinderella, Snow white, Pinocchio, etc.
4. Science fiction
Example of Narrative text :
Landi The Porcupine
There was a porcupine named Landi. He was lonely. No one wanted to play with him because they were afraid of his spikes.
Dear Landi. We don’t want to play with you because your spikes are too sharp. We don’t want you to hurt us, “ said cici the rabbit one day.
“ Cici is right,Landi. It is not because you are bad or rude to us. No, Landi ! Just because of your spikes. They will stab us when we come close to you, “ said Tito the rooster.
Landi felt lonely. He Murmured , “ why don’t they want to play with me ?”
Landi spent most of the time day dreaming at the river bank. “ I would have lots of friends and play with them if no spikes were on my body. I would be happy. I would not be lonely like this. What a shame ! “ Suddenly , kuku the turtle appeared from the river . He came to Landi and said , Landi , what are you thinking of ?”
“Oh, nothing, Landi replied”.
“ Don’t lie to me , Landi . Please tell me your problem. Who knows I can help you, “ kuku said wisely . Then he sat beside Landi. He wasn’t afraid of Landi’s spikes .
Shortly , Landi told kuku his problem . Kuku nodded his head. He said, “ poor you. But it is not your fault. I know, your spikes are very useful and helpful to you. Your friends will realize it some day. Trust me., Landi”.
“Thank’s Kuku . You’re really my best friend. You are the only one here who wants to be my friend “.
One day, Sam the frog held his birthday party. He invited all his friends , including Landi . But he decided not to come He didn’t want to mess up the party .
“I’II come with you , Landi. I’II tell everyone that you are harm less,” said Kuku. Finally , Landi attended the party . Every one enjoyed it.
Suddenly , Tito ran here and there screaming , “ Help ….help….! The spikes evil wolf is coming . save your selves , then every one ran to save their lives, except Kuku andLandi . Kuku pulled his head and legs into his shell. Landi rolled his body into a ball.
Unintentionally, the evil wolf stepped his foot on Landi. Of course , the
Spikes pricked him. He screamed, ‘’ Ouch ! “ Since his foot was bleeding, he didn’t chase Landi’s friends any longer . Then he ran away.
“Horray….horray….! Long live Landi ! He saved our lives, “ said cici and her friends. Everyone shook Landi’s hand and than ked him. From then on, Landi wasn’t lonely any more . His friends knew that his spikes would not hurt anyone, unless they wanted to hurt Landi.
Modal In The Pastform Modals PresentPast
Can Could
Will Would
Shall Should
May Might
1. Could + Verbbase
- To offer suggestions or possibilities
Example :
Doraemon : Oh no! left my short’s
Nobita : Don’t wori, Dora you could borrow my shorts
- To indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now
Example :
Ruther : Ton, can you climb the aple trees
Tony : Well … I could climb apple tree when I was so young. But I thing I’m to heavy to climb it
- To Express polite requests
Example :
Could I borrow your pencil (please)?
Could you lend me your jacket now?
Could you please close the door
Could you pass the salt
2. Would + Verbbase
- For an action that was repeated regularly in the past
Example :
When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend
- Insert rather into the pattern and use this expressions to express preferences
Example :
Angga : Ehich country would you rather visit?
Maria : I Would rather visit Tara than somelia
- To express polite requests
Example :
Budi : Would you mind cycling with me, Nada?
Nada : No, not at all. It would be nice
3. Should + Verbbase
- To give definite advice (advisability)
Example :
Derby : You should paint your door, Romeo. It looks terrible
Romeo : Yes, I know I should
4. Might + Verbbase
- To tell possibilities
Exmple :
David : Where is Deddy?
Copperfield : He might be in the studio with Kalina
- To express polite requests
Example :
Tian : Might I borrow your coat?
Chris : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Danny for week sand I don’t know when he‘ll return it
Direct Speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech)
We use quotation marks (“__________”) and it should be world for word
For Example :
Nicky said, “it’s hot
Or
“it’s hot, “Nicky said”
Indirect speech refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word
Indirect Speech is sometimes called reported speech
The tense usually changes when reporting speech this is because we are usually talking about a time in the post and obviously the person who spoke or ginally spoke in the past.
The verbs there fore usually have to be in the fast too
- Note : the reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sent are : Tell, order, command, ask, warn, remind
- Don’t forget to mention the indirect object father warned me motto drive fast
- When we want to report what someone said, we do not usually repeat their exact words, we use words. We can use reporting verbs, such as tell, say, ask followed by that–clause?
Example : My mother said that she got up at 5 O’clock
- When reporting verbs is in the present, present perfect, or future, there is no change of tense in the words reported
Example :
- She will tell you
- She has just haid
In times expressions and pronouns
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Now Then
Today/Tonight That day/ That night
Last week The previous week
Ago Before
Sometimes we need to report someone’s questions the reported question are introduced with the verb ask, inquire, wonder, want to know, etc.
In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”.
A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduce mainly to make the meaning of C easier to understand.
Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.
• A word when usedin sentence, do not influence the sentences meaning because it’s meaning have
• Been contained by other sentence element. Introductory it earn also function as word change the.
• It serve the purpose of subject and also object.
• It Accommodating with the word it’s change
• As subject weather situation
Example :
- Today is hot
• it is hot today
- Yesterday was cloudy
• It was cloudy yesterday
- Summer is of note of rainy
• It is of note of rainy in summer.
Showing distance
- How far is the station to your home.
- My house is far away from here.
- Is the mosque far from here
- How far is it to your home
- It is about 24 km
- Is it far from here
- Assuring / explaining tio infinitive (showing condition of)
- To do the test is not easy
* It is not easy to do the test.
- To study math is very interesting
* it is very interesting to study math
- To meet you again will be nice
* it will be nice to meet you again
• As object Assuring / explaining to infinitive (showing condition of )
News item is factual text which informs the reader about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
Social function of news item is : to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
- Generic Structure
Newsworthy event (s) : recount the event in summary form
Background Event (s) : elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances
Sources : comment by participants in, withesses to and authorities to and authorities expert on the event
- Signification grammar features :
Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
Generally using simple past tense
Use of material processes to retell the event
Using action verbs , (,) : were, run, go, kill, etc
Using saying verbs , (.) : say, tell
Focus on circumstances
Use of projecting verbal processes in sources stages
There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible
1. The passive voice is used with out the approprianto form of “be”
2. It is unusually to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing orde ueloping, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive
5. Headlines are not always complete sentences
A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verb can form “ Independent clause “ which can stand by their own as complete sentences , an independent clause as a complete sentence. It contains themain subject and verb of a sentences.
In English , only verbs in certain mood are finite
These include : 1. Indicative mood : expressing a state of affairs.
Dalam indicative mood, finite verb harus menggunakan varb, example :
1. The buldoser demolished the restaurant. 2. Ani is going to visit her mother in hospital. 3. He has waited his father since morning. 2. Imperative mood : Giving a command.
Dalam imperative mood, finite verb tidak memerlukan subjek karena tanpa memakai subjek pun kalimatnya sudah jelas.
A noun phrase is other a single noun or any group of words containing noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of averb.
For example, ‘they’ , ‘books’, and ‘the books’, are noun phrases, but ‘book’ is just a noun, as you can see in these sentences (in which the noun phrases are all in bold)
- Structure of Noun Phrases:
• A beautiful old painting on the wall
When you use a noun in front of another noun, you never put adjectives between them, you put adjectives in front of the first noun.
Example : We just spoke with a young American boy
Noun phrase can be in form of gerund (base + ing) or gerund and other nouns compounding.
Example : Passing the exam watching TV
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
Form “Will”
[will + verb]
Example : (+) I will go to your home tonight.
(-) I will not go to your home tonight.
(?) Will I go to your home tonight?
Form “Be Going To”
[am/is/are + going to + verb]
Example : (+) She is going to go to French next week.
(-) She is not going to go to French next week.
(?) Is she going to go to French next week?
USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:
·I will send you the information when I get it.
·I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
·Will you help me move this heavy table?
·Will you make dinner?
·I will not do your homework for you.
·I won't do all the housework myself!
·A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
·A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
·A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.
USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises.
Examples:
·I will call you when I arrive.
·If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
·I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
·Don't worry, I'll be careful.
·I won't tell anyone your secret.
USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan
"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
Examples:
·He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
·She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
·A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
·I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
·Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
·They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
·Who are you going to invite to the party?
·A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.
USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.
Examples:
·The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
·The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
·John Smith will be the next President.
·John Smith is going to be the next President.
·The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
·The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.
USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.
Examples:
The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
John Smith will be the next President.
John Smith is going to be the next President.
The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.
No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.
Examples:
When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
You will never help him.
Will you ever help him?
You are never going to meet Jane.
Are you ever going to meet Jane?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active
The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive
Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active
A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive
The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.
Ways to say it * Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Green?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. Angga?
* Would you care some salad?
Offering to friends: * Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself
Less formal expressions: * Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?
Declining an offering * No, thanks.
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.
Accepting an offering: * Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice
