In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”.
A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduce mainly to make the meaning of C easier to understand.
Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.
• A word when usedin sentence, do not influence the sentences meaning because it’s meaning have
• Been contained by other sentence element. Introductory it earn also function as word change the.
• It serve the purpose of subject and also object.
• It Accommodating with the word it’s change
• As subject weather situation
Example :
- Today is hot
• it is hot today
- Yesterday was cloudy
• It was cloudy yesterday
- Summer is of note of rainy
• It is of note of rainy in summer.
Showing distance
- How far is the station to your home.
- My house is far away from here.
- Is the mosque far from here
- How far is it to your home
- It is about 24 km
- Is it far from here
- Assuring / explaining tio infinitive (showing condition of)
- To do the test is not easy
* It is not easy to do the test.
- To study math is very interesting
* it is very interesting to study math
- To meet you again will be nice
* it will be nice to meet you again
• As object Assuring / explaining to infinitive (showing condition of )
News item is factual text which informs the reader about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
Social function of news item is : to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
- Generic Structure
Newsworthy event (s) : recount the event in summary form
Background Event (s) : elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances
Sources : comment by participants in, withesses to and authorities to and authorities expert on the event
- Signification grammar features :
Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
Generally using simple past tense
Use of material processes to retell the event
Using action verbs , (,) : were, run, go, kill, etc
Using saying verbs , (.) : say, tell
Focus on circumstances
Use of projecting verbal processes in sources stages
There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible
1. The passive voice is used with out the approprianto form of “be”
2. It is unusually to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing orde ueloping, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive
5. Headlines are not always complete sentences
A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verb can form “ Independent clause “ which can stand by their own as complete sentences , an independent clause as a complete sentence. It contains themain subject and verb of a sentences.
In English , only verbs in certain mood are finite
These include : 1. Indicative mood : expressing a state of affairs.
Dalam indicative mood, finite verb harus menggunakan varb, example :
1. The buldoser demolished the restaurant. 2. Ani is going to visit her mother in hospital. 3. He has waited his father since morning. 2. Imperative mood : Giving a command.
Dalam imperative mood, finite verb tidak memerlukan subjek karena tanpa memakai subjek pun kalimatnya sudah jelas.
A noun phrase is other a single noun or any group of words containing noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of averb.
For example, ‘they’ , ‘books’, and ‘the books’, are noun phrases, but ‘book’ is just a noun, as you can see in these sentences (in which the noun phrases are all in bold)
- Structure of Noun Phrases:
• A beautiful old painting on the wall
When you use a noun in front of another noun, you never put adjectives between them, you put adjectives in front of the first noun.
Example : We just spoke with a young American boy
Noun phrase can be in form of gerund (base + ing) or gerund and other nouns compounding.
Example : Passing the exam watching TV
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
Form “Will”
[will + verb]
Example : (+) I will go to your home tonight.
(-) I will not go to your home tonight.
(?) Will I go to your home tonight?
Form “Be Going To”
[am/is/are + going to + verb]
Example : (+) She is going to go to French next week.
(-) She is not going to go to French next week.
(?) Is she going to go to French next week?
USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:
·I will send you the information when I get it.
·I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
·Will you help me move this heavy table?
·Will you make dinner?
·I will not do your homework for you.
·I won't do all the housework myself!
·A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
·A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
·A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.
USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises.
Examples:
·I will call you when I arrive.
·If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
·I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
·Don't worry, I'll be careful.
·I won't tell anyone your secret.
USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan
"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
Examples:
·He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
·She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
·A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
·I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
·Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
·They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
·Who are you going to invite to the party?
·A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.
USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.
Examples:
·The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
·The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
·John Smith will be the next President.
·John Smith is going to be the next President.
·The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
·The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.
USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.
Examples:
The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
John Smith will be the next President.
John Smith is going to be the next President.
The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.
No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.
Examples:
When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
You will never help him.
Will you ever help him?
You are never going to meet Jane.
Are you ever going to meet Jane?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active
The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive
Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active
A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive
The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.
Ways to say it * Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Green?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. Angga?
* Would you care some salad?
Offering to friends: * Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself
Less formal expressions: * Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?
Declining an offering * No, thanks.
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.
Accepting an offering: * Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice
